broader context of Philippine history and culture. In this work, Pardo de Tavera discusses various ancient Filipino alphabets, outlining their characteristics and the complexities involved in understanding them. He critiques previous studies and provides a detailed comparison of the different scripts, particularly focusing on Tagalog and Ilocano alphabets. The book illustrates how these writing systems were used and their similarities to other writing systems in Asia and Oceania. Furthermore, Pardo de Tavera argues for the importance of preserving knowledge about these scripts, arguing that despite their decline in use, they hold significant historical value that deserves deeper investigation and appreciation. (This is an automatically generated summary.)